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See also a timeline of Britain TM, ®, Copyright © 2011 Piero Scaruffi All rights reserved. Oct 1492: the Italian explorer Cristoforo Colombo sails west on behalf of. Internet censorship in China - Wikipedia. Internet censorship in China is extreme due to a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations. More than sixty Internet regulations have been created by the government of China, which have been implemented by provincial branches of state- owned ISPs, companies, and organizations.[1][2] The apparatus of China's Internet control is considered more extensive and more advanced than in any other country in the world.[3] The governmental authorities not only block website content but also monitor the Internet access of individuals; [4] such measures have attracted the derisive nickname "The Great Firewall of China."Amnesty International notes that China "has the largest recorded number of imprisoned journalists and cyber- dissidents in the world"[5] and Paris- based Reporters Without Borders stated in 2. China is the world's biggest prison for netizens."[6][7] The offences of which they are accused include communicating with groups abroad, signing online petitions, and calling for reform and an end to corruption. The escalation of the government's effort to neutralize critical online opinion and organizing comes after a series of large, anti- pollution, anti- corruption protests, and ethnic riots, many of which were organized or publicized using instant messaging services, chat rooms, and text messages.[citation needed] The size of the Chinese Internet police force was reported by the state government to be 2 million in 2. Carrie Gracie wrote that local Chinese businesses such as Baidu, Tencent, and Alibaba, some of the world's largest internet enterprises, benefited from the way China has blocked international rivals from the market, encouraging domestic competition.[9]Since May 2. Chinese Wikipedia has been blocked in China.[1. This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption which made selective censorship impossible or more difficult. Background[edit]The political and ideological background of the Internet censorship is considered to be one of Deng Xiaoping's favorite sayings in the early 1. If you open a window for fresh air for longer than 1. The saying is related to a period of the economic reform of China that became known as the "socialist market economy". Superseding the political ideologies of the Cultural Revolution, the reform led China towards a market economy and opened up the market for foreign investors. Nonetheless the Communist Party of China has wished to protect its values and political ideas from "swatting flies" of other ideologies,[1. CPC and the stability of the Chinese state. The Internet arrived in the country in 1. Since then, and with gradual increasing availability, the Internet has become a common communication platform and an important tool for sharing information. In 1. 99. 8 the Communist Party of China feared the China Democracy Party (CDP), organized in contravention of the “Four Cardinal Principles”, would breed a powerful new network that the party elites might not be able to control.[1. The CDP was immediately banned followed by arrests and imprisonment.[1. That same year the "Golden Shield Project" was started. The first part of the project lasted eight years and was completed in 2. The second part began in 2. On 6 December 2. 00. Golden Shield project from 3. China participated in a four- day inaugural "Comprehensive Exhibition on Chinese Information System".[1. At the exhibition, many western high- tech products including Internet security, video monitoring and human face recognition were purchased. According to Amnesty International, around 3. Chinese internet laws.[1. Legislative basis[edit]. A simplified topology of the Chinese firewall. The government of China defends its right to censor the internet by claiming that the country has the right to govern the internet according to its own rules inside its borders. The white paper, released in June 2. But in the document the government lays out some of the reasons why its citizens cannot get access to all of that wisdom. Another section of the same white paper reaffirms the government's determination to govern the internet within its borders according to its own rules. Within Chinese territory the internet is under the jurisdiction of Chinese sovereignty. The internet sovereignty of China should be respected and protected," it says. It adds that foreign individuals and firms can use the internet in China, but they must abide by the country's laws.[1. The central government of China started its Internet censorship with three regulations. The first regulation was called the Temporary Regulation for the Management of Computer Information Network International Connection. The regulation was passed in the 4. Standing Convention of the State Council on 2. January 1. 99. 6. It was formally announced on 1 February 1. May 1. 99. 7.[1. 8] The content of the first regulation states requires that Internet service providers be licensed and that Internet traffic go through China. Net, GBNet, CERNET or CSTNET. The second regulation was the Ordinance for Security Protection of Computer Information Systems. It was issued on 1. February 1. 99. 4 by the State Council to give the responsibility of Internet security protection to the Ministry of Public Security.[1. The Ordinance regulation further led to the Security Management Procedures in Internet Accessing issued by the Ministry of Public Security in December 1. The regulation defines "harmful information" and "harmful activities" regarding internet usage.[2. Section Five of the Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection, and Management Regulations approved by the State Council on 1. December 1. 99. 7 states the following: No unit or individual may use the Internet to create, replicate, retrieve, or transmit the following kinds of information: Inciting to resist or breaking the Constitution or laws or the implementation of administrative regulations; Inciting to overthrow the government or the socialist system; Inciting division of the country, harming national unification; Inciting hatred or discrimination among nationalities or harming the unity of the nationalities; Making falsehoods or distorting the truth, spreading rumors, destroying the order of society; Promoting feudal superstitions, sexually suggestive material, gambling, violence, murder; Terrorism or inciting others to criminal activity; openly insulting other people or distorting the truth to slander people; Injuring the reputation of state organizations; Other activities against the Constitution, laws or administrative regulations.[2. In September 2. 00. State Council Order No. Internet content providers. China- based Web sites cannot link to overseas news Web sites or distribute news from overseas media without separate approval. Only "licensed print publishers" have the authority to deliver news online. Non- licensed Web sites that wish to broadcast news may only publish information already released publicly by other news media. These sites must obtain approval from state information offices and from the State Council Information Agency. Article 1. 1 of this order mentions that "content providers are responsible for ensuring the legality of any information disseminated through their services".[2. Article 1. 4 gives government officials full access to any kind of sensitive information they wish from providers of internet services. Enforcement[edit]In December 1. Public Security minister Zhu Entao released new regulations to be enforced by the ministry that inflict fines for "defaming government agencies," "splitting the nation," and leaking "state secrets." Violators could face a fine up to CNY1. USD1. 80. 0).[2. 3] Banning appears mostly uncoordinated and ad hoc, with some sites blocked, yet similar sites allowed or even blocked in one city and allowed in another. The blocks have often been lifted for special occasions. For example, The New York Times was unblocked when reporters in a private interview with CPC general secretary Jiang Zemin specifically asked about the block and he replied that he would look into the matter. During the APEC summit in Shanghai during 2. CNN, NBC, and the Washington Post became accessible. Since 2. 00. 1, the content controls have been further relaxed on a permanent basis, and all three of the sites previously mentioned are now accessible from mainland China. However, access to the New York Times was re- blocked in December 2. Times printed an exposé of the finances of the Chinese premiere,[2. Torrentz Search Engine. Torrentz will always love you.
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